In 1992, twenty years after the first global environment conference, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, took place from 3-14 June in Rio de Janeiro. As a result of the 1972 Conference, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was set up.
Principle 1 of the ‘Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment’ establishes a foundation for linking human rights and environmental protection, declaring that man has a ‘fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations’. Environmental degradation and human rights was first placed on the international agenda in 1972, at the UN Conference on the Human Environment. More concretely, a decent physical environment has to do with protection against, for instance, noise nuisance, air pollution, pollution of surface waters and the dumping of toxic substances. The link between the two emphasises that a decent physical environment is a precondition for living a life of dignity and worth.
In recent years the relationship between human rights and environmental issues has become an issue of vigorous debate.
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